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历史选修·世界文化遗产荟萃

一 “百戏之祖”

课前提示

◆ 昆曲兴起于元代后期,在明代中期至清代前期发展到极盛。清代中叶以后,昆曲因脱离现实、因循守旧而由盛转衰。

◆ 昆曲是融诗、乐、歌、舞、戏为一体的戏剧艺术形式,对京剧、越剧等大部分后起剧种都产生过深刻影响。昆曲在新中国获得了新生。

◆ 代表性的昆曲剧作主要有汤显祖的《牡丹亭》、洪升的《长生殿》以及孔尚任的《桃花扇》等。

■ 600年的兴衰 ■

昆曲又称昆腔,在20世纪初称为昆剧,是中国最古老的剧种之一。

元代后期,江苏昆山一带流行以当地方音为基础的南曲,明初称“昆山腔”。明嘉靖年间,昆曲已发展成为雅俗共赏的戏曲形式。昆山人魏良辅对昆腔进行革新,创造出曲调清丽委婉的“水磨腔”,并迅速流传开来,魏良辅因此被称

资料卡片

“昆曲”之带唱带做,实为旧日之载歌载舞……许多听不懂曲子的人,有时也可看出一部分情节,应当是表情动作上有所帮助之故……

——周贻白:
《中国戏剧史长编》

A photograph of an ancient, traditional Chinese opera stage (古戏台) located within the Kunshan Kunqu Museum. The stage has a prominent curved roof and is elevated, with stairs leading up to it.
A photograph of an ancient, traditional Chinese opera stage (古戏台) located within the Kunshan Kunqu Museum. The stage has a prominent curved roof and is elevated, with stairs leading up to it.

▲ 昆山昆曲博物馆古戏台

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