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5 船的家族 | 139

1973年夏,江苏如皋出土了唐代早期的水密九舱木船1艘,船长17.32米,最宽处1.6米,船桅残存仅1米多,在船舱的木板缝中还发现了3枚铜钱“开元通宝”。据考,此船为唐代如皋南部古横江成陆前沉没,埋入土中已1000余年,现陈列于南京博物院(图5-11)。唐代水密隔舱技术的出现,使中国传统古船的强度和抗沉性产生了革命性的变化,水密舱壁是中国对世界造船技术的重要贡献之一。马可·波罗在其游记中叙及:“若干最大船舶有内舱至十三所,互以厚板隔之,其用在防海险。如船身触

礁触鲸而海水透入之事,其事常见……至是水由破处浸入,流入船舱。水手发现船舱破处,立将浸水舱中货物徙于邻舱。盖诸舱之壁嵌隔甚坚,水不能透。然后修理破处,复将徙出货物运回舱中” [11] 。1974年泉州湾后渚出土的南宋海船,共分13个舱,舱隔板厚10~12厘米,隔板与船壳用扁铁和钩钉连接、桐油灰腻密。1982年在泉州法石还发现另一艘南宋海船,也设置了类似的水密隔舱,可见水密隔舱技术到宋朝已经十分成熟并普遍设置了(图5-12、5-13)。

Figure 5-10: A drawing of a large sailing ship, identified as a Taiwanese ship, from the historical document 'Tang Ship Diagram'. The ship features multiple masts, sails, and a prominent dragon figurehead.
Figure 5-10: A drawing of a large sailing ship, identified as a Taiwanese ship, from the historical document 'Tang Ship Diagram'. The ship features multiple masts, sails, and a prominent dragon figurehead.

图5-10 《唐船图》中的台湾船

Figure 5-11: A technical drawing showing the cross-section and top-down view of the Tang Dynasty shipwreck discovered in Rugao, Jiangsu in 1973, illustrating its nine watertight compartments.
Figure 5-11: A technical drawing showing the cross-section and top-down view of the Tang Dynasty shipwreck discovered in Rugao, Jiangsu in 1973, illustrating its nine watertight compartments.

图5-11 1973年江苏如皋出土的唐代沉船

Figure 5-12: A black and white photograph showing the excavation site of the Song Dynasty ship discovered at Houzhu in Quanzhou, with the wooden hull partially exposed in the mud.
Figure 5-12: A black and white photograph showing the excavation site of the Song Dynasty ship discovered at Houzhu in Quanzhou, with the wooden hull partially exposed in the mud.

图5-12 泉州后渚宋船出土情况(现存于泉州海外交通史博物馆)

(资料来源:《泉州古港史》)

Figure 5-13: A technical drawing showing the reconstructed structure of the Song Dynasty ship from Quanzhou, detailing its hull shape, cross-section, and the arrangement of its watertight compartments.
Figure 5-13: A technical drawing showing the reconstructed structure of the Song Dynasty ship from Quanzhou, detailing its hull shape, cross-section, and the arrangement of its watertight compartments.

图5-13 泉州宋代海船复原图

(资料来源:《中国古船图说》)