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爱总结
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爱总结爱学习

④动力臂:从支点到动力作用线的距离。用字母 11 表示。

⑤阻力臂:从支点到阻力作用线的距离。用字母 12 表示。

3、研究杠杆的平衡条件:

杠杆的平衡条件(或杠杆原理)是:

动力 \times 动力臂=阻力 \times 阻力臂。写成公式 F_1 l_1 = F_2 l_2 也可写成: F_1 / F_2 = 12 / 11

4、应用:

名称 结构

特征 特点 应用举例

省力

杠杆 动力臂

大于

阻力臂 省力、

费距离 撬棒、铡刀、动滑轮、轮轴、羊角锤、钢丝钳、手推车、花枝剪刀

费力

杠杆 动力臂

小于

阻力臂 费力、

省距离 缝纫机踏板、起重臂

人的前臂、理发剪刀、钓鱼杆

等臂

杠杆 动力臂等于阻力臂 不省力

不费力 天平,定滑轮

五、滑轮

1、定滑轮:

①定义:中间的轴固定不动的滑轮。

②实质:定滑轮的实质是:等臂杠杆

③特点:使用定滑轮不能省力但是能改变动力的方向。

2、动滑轮:

①定义:和重物一起移动的滑轮。

②实质:动滑轮的实质是:动力臂为阻力臂 2 倍的省力杠杆。

③特点:使用动滑轮能省一半的力,但不能改变动力的方向。

3、滑轮组

①定义:定滑轮、动滑轮组合成滑轮组。

②特点:使用滑轮组既能省力又能改变动力的方向

第十四章《压力和压强、浮力》复习提纲

一、固体的压力和压强

1、压力:

(1) 定义:垂直压在物体表面上的力叫压力。

(2) 重为 G 的物体在承面上静止不动。指出下列各种情况下所受压力的大小。

Diagram showing five scenarios of a block (weight G) interacting with a surface, with an external force F applied. The scenarios illustrate how to determine the pressure exerted by the block on the surface.

Scenario 1: A block rests on a horizontal surface. A horizontal force F is applied to the side of the block.

Scenario 2: A block rests on a horizontal surface. A vertical force F is applied downwards on top of the block.

Scenario 3: A block rests on a horizontal surface. A vertical force F is applied upwards from the bottom of the block.

Scenario 4: A block is pressed against a ceiling (horizontal surface above). A vertical force F is applied upwards from the bottom of the block.

Scenario 5: A block is pressed against a vertical wall. A horizontal force F is applied towards the wall.

Diagram showing five scenarios of a block (weight G) interacting with a surface, with an external force F applied. The scenarios illustrate how to determine the pressure exerted by the block on the surface.