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有道精品课

中考化学寒假班讲义

第一讲

【例题4】在溶液中,溶质存在的形式为 ( )

A. 小颗粒 B. 小液滴
C. 单个分子或离子 D. 游离态

【例题5】下列说法正确的是 ( )

A. 溶质只能是固体 B. 溶质只能是液体
C. 溶质只能是气体 D. 溶质可以是固体、液体或气体

考点二 溶解过程中的能量变化

溶解过程中伴随着能量的变化,常常表现为热量的变化,而引起热量的变化主要是由扩散作用或水合作用引起的。

扩散作用:吸热过程。

水合作用:放热过程。

溶解吸热(温度降低):如 \text{NH}_4\text{NO}_3 溶解。扩散作用 > 水合作用。

溶解放热(温度升高):如 \text{CaO} 溶解(反应放热)、 \text{NaOH} 溶解、浓 \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 溶解。扩散作用 < 水合作用。

溶解温度基本不变:如 \text{NaCl}

【例题1】物质在溶解时,常常会使溶液的温度发生改变。但是并不是所有的物质溶解时,温度都发生明显变化。下列物质溶于水时,温度无明显变化的是 ( )

A. 浓硫酸 B. 氢氧化钠固体 C. 硝酸铵固体 D. 食盐

【例题2】如图所示实验,打开止水夹,将液体A滴入试管②中与固体B接触,试管①中的导管口没有气泡产生。猜测,液体A和固体B的组合可能是下列中的 ( )

Diagram illustrating an experiment setup. A stopcock (止水夹) connects two parts of the apparatus. Test tube ① is partially filled with water (水). A delivery tube runs from the top of test tube ② down into the water in test tube ①. Test tube ② contains Liquid A (液体A) above Solid B (固体B). The experiment involves opening the stopcock to allow Liquid A to mix with Solid B in test tube ②. The observation is that no gas bubbles are produced at the end of the delivery tube submerged in water in test tube ①, indicating no significant pressure increase (no gas produced or no significant temperature increase).
Diagram illustrating an experiment setup. A stopcock (止水夹) connects two parts of the apparatus. Test tube ① is partially filled with water (水). A delivery tube runs from the top of test tube ② down into the water in test tube ①. Test tube ② contains Liquid A (液体A) above Solid B (固体B). The experiment involves opening the stopcock to allow Liquid A to mix with Solid B in test tube ②. The observation is that no gas bubbles are produced at the end of the delivery tube submerged in water in test tube ①, indicating no significant pressure increase (no gas produced or no significant temperature increase).

A. 稀盐酸和铁 B. 水和生石灰 C. 水和氢氧化钠 D. 水和氯化钠

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